This is the most informed answer in this thread. It really does come down to schema changes. There are even ways to avoid downtime during schema changes, but it’s often complicated. For example, you don’t see YouTube go offline for schema changes, but they’re willing to make this effort and investment, even for very large databases.
Lots of other database tasks can happen while remaining online. For backups, use a read-only connection. For upgrades, you should have a distributed and scaled database, so take them down in sections during upgrades. For “cleaning up,” you can do vacuum operations on part of your database while it’s live. Etc etc.
Ultimately, there is almost never a technical reason why a database has to go offline. It’s a matter of devotion to the stability and uptime of your infra. Toss enough engineering hours at a database problem and you can pretty much have 100% uptime in the scope of maintenance (not incidents, of course). But even with incidents, there are fail-over plans, replicas, and a ton of other things you can do to stay online. Instead of downtime, you have degraded performance that the users may not even notice.
The other big one that usually requires downtime is network. You may not be touching your game servers all that often but if you need to do a major OS upgrade on a load balancer or switch, that’s going to mean everything behind it loses connectivity - and unless you’re talking one of the big hitters like WoW, they’re probably not funding redundant dual network paths to allow you to take it down without downtime
This is the most informed answer in this thread. It really does come down to schema changes. There are even ways to avoid downtime during schema changes, but it’s often complicated. For example, you don’t see YouTube go offline for schema changes, but they’re willing to make this effort and investment, even for very large databases.
Lots of other database tasks can happen while remaining online. For backups, use a read-only connection. For upgrades, you should have a distributed and scaled database, so take them down in sections during upgrades. For “cleaning up,” you can do vacuum operations on part of your database while it’s live. Etc etc.
Ultimately, there is almost never a technical reason why a database has to go offline. It’s a matter of devotion to the stability and uptime of your infra. Toss enough engineering hours at a database problem and you can pretty much have 100% uptime in the scope of maintenance (not incidents, of course). But even with incidents, there are fail-over plans, replicas, and a ton of other things you can do to stay online. Instead of downtime, you have degraded performance that the users may not even notice.
The other big one that usually requires downtime is network. You may not be touching your game servers all that often but if you need to do a major OS upgrade on a load balancer or switch, that’s going to mean everything behind it loses connectivity - and unless you’re talking one of the big hitters like WoW, they’re probably not funding redundant dual network paths to allow you to take it down without downtime